Lectures (Video)
- 1. How Do You Know?
- 2. Force Laws, Lewis Structures and Resonance
- 3. Double Minima, Earnshaw's Theorem and Plum-Puddings
- 4. Coping with Smallness and Scanning Probe Microscopy
- 5. X-Ray Diffraction
- 6. Seeing Bonds by Electron Difference Density
- 7. Quantum Mechanical Kinetic Energy
- 8. One-Dimensional Wave Functions
- 9. Chladni Figures and One-Electron Atoms
- 10. Reality and the Orbital Approximation
- 11. Orbital Correction and Plum-Pudding Molecules
- 12. Overlap and Atom-Pair Bonds
- 13. Overlap and Energy-Match
- 14. Checking Hybridization Theory with XH3
- 15. Chemical Reactivity: SOMO, HOMO, and LUMO
- 16. Recognizing Functional Groups
- 17. Reaction Analogies and Carbonyl Reactivity
- 18. Amide, Carboxylic Acid and Alkyl Lithium
- 19. Oxygen and the Chemical Revolution (Beginning to 1789)
- 20. Rise of the Atomic Theory (1790-1805)
- 21. Berzelius to Liebig and Wöhler (1805-1832)
- 22. Radical and Type Theories (1832-1850)
- 23. Valence Theory and Constitutional Structure (1858)
- 24. Determining Chemical Structure by Isomer Counting (1869)
- 25. Models in 3D Space (1869-1877); Optical Isomers
- 26. Van't Hoff's Tetrahedral Carbon and Chirality
- 27. Communicating Molecular Structure in Diagrams and Words
- 28. Stereochemical Nomenclature; Racemization and Resolution
- 29. Preparing Single Enantiomers and the Mechanism of Optical Rotation
- 30. Esomeprazole as an Example of Drug Testing and Usage
- 31. Preparing Single Enantiomers and Conformational Energy
- 32. Stereotopicity and Baeyer Strain Theory
- 33. Conformational Energy and Molecular Mechanics
- 34. Sharpless Oxidation Catalysts and the Conformation of Cycloalkanes
- 35. Understanding Molecular Structure and Energy through Standard Bonds
- 36. Bond Energies, the Boltzmann Factor and Entropy
- 37. Potential Energy Surfaces, Transition State Theory
Introductory Organic Chemistry - Lecture 4
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Lecture 4 - Coping with Smallness and Scanning Probe Microscopy
This lecture asks whether it is possible to confirm the reality of bonds by seeing or feeling them. It first describes the work of "clairvoyant" charlatans from the beginning of the twentieth century, who claimed to "see" details of atomic and molecular structure, in order to discuss proper bases for scientific belief. It then shows that the molecular scale is not inconceivably small, and that Newton and Franklin performed simple experiments that measure such small distances. In the last 25 years various realizations of Scanning Probe Microscopy have enabled chemists to "feel" individual molecules and atoms, but not bonds.
Prof. J. Michael McBride
CHEM 125: Freshman Organic Chemistry, Fall 2008 (Yale University: Open Yale) http://oyc.yale.edu Date accessed: 2009-11-11 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA |
Lecture Material
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